Acredita mesmo que quem tem um sistema de energia solar em sua casa ou comércio receberia um subsídio do governo, e que esse subsídio é pago por quem não tem o sistema?
Com certeza você já deve ter ouvido falar em algum canal de comunicação (internet, rádio, televisão, mídia impressa, rede social, etc) que, consumidores brasileiros que geram a própria energia (Geração Distribuída) através de painéis solares, tratados por muitas matérias como “mais ricos”, tem um incentivo do governo com um subsídio na sua conta de energia e que quem estaria pagando hoje por esse subsídio seria justamente aquele que não tem condições de investir em energia solar, consumidores esses classificados como “mais pobres”.
O que, com toda certeza não é uma verdade, hoje o subsídio existe apenas para grandes usinas de energia solar que vendem energia no mercado livre (leia mais sobre Mercado Livre abaixo), conhecidas como usinas de Geração Centralizada com capacidade de geração acima de 5.000 kWp.
Quem produz energia para consumo próprio (Geração Distribuída) não ganha o benefício do subsídio oferecido pelo governo. Além de produzirem uma energia limpa, de qualidade e renovável, seus vizinhos também são beneficiados, pois são os primeiros a estarem utilizando a energia excedente injetada na rede.
Segundo a Conta de Desenvolvimento Energético(CDE), em 2020 os custos com o subsídio à fontes de energia (solar, eólica, carvão, e de biomassa) devem chegar a R$ 5,6 bilhões. Porém o gasto do governo com o subsídio da energia solar é o menor, cerca de R$ 500 milhões.
Hoje a energia que gera mais gastos com subsídios para o governo é a eólica, o custo em 2020 deve chegar a R$ 3 bilhões, que corresponde a 52,9% do incentivo previsto na CDE em 2020.
Além desse subsídio que vem da CDE para usinas centralizadas de fontes renováveis, ainda conta com o dinheiro para subsidiar as famílias de baixa renda (R$ 2,4 bilhões), a compra do combustível para ser usado em termelétricas (R$ 6,3 bilhões) e o desconto na tarifa de agricultores irrigantes e empresas de saneamento básico (R$ 8,5 bilhões). A interrupção de um desenvolvimento tecnológico de um processo inovador, quebra a concorrência e diminui a eficiência na evolução de um mercado, como o da energia solar, ou alguém ainda não acha que a energia solar distribuída é o futuro e uma das soluções mais sustentáveis para o planeta?
Usina Nuclear 
Termoelétrica 
Hidroelétrica 
Usina de Biomassa 
Usina Eólica 
Usina Solar
MERCADO LIVRE
Hoje existem basicamente 2 mercados de energia, o livre e o regulado, cativo. O mercado cativo é aquele que a maioria dos consumidores hoje se encontram, você compra a energia direto da concessionária da sua região e paga todos os valores que são basicamente: impostos, tarifa de distribuição, transmissão e a energia propriamente dita. Esses valores são regulados pela ANEEL, inclusive o reajuste que leva em conta inflação, custos da distribuidora, etc.
Atualmente não é qualquer consumidor que pode estar comprando energia de Usinas de Geração Centralizada pelo mercado livre, apenas quem tem um consumo de potência superior a 3 mil quilowatts (kW) por mês. Pode ainda entrar no mercado livre consumidores que consomem potência acima de 500 kW, sendo obrigatório a compra de energia produzida a partir de uma fonte renovável e ainda estes clientes são contemplados com um desconto na tarifa de transmissão de 50%, sendo este valor custeado pela CDE. Para clientes que tem um gasto acima de 3.000 kW é permitida a compra de todas que podem os acima de 500 kW e também de Usinas Hidrelétricas e Termoelétricas, por exemplo.
Foi aprovada pelo Senado (dia 3 de março de 2020) um projeto para que qualquer consumidor brasileiro possa comprar sua energia direto das usinas geradoras, o projeto de lei que estabelece o novo marco regulatório para o setor elétrico, agora segue para a Câmara dos Deputados onde será analisada.
A grande vantagem desse tipo de comércio, além de ser uma energia mais barata, é poder prever o preço da sua conta já que tudo é definido em contrato. Já as distribuidoras têm suas tarifas corrigidas anualmente pela ANEEL.
Renan Oliveira
Engenheiro de Energia, M.Eng.
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